Do you, or have you ever, used a graphical user interface? If you use #Windows, #macOS, or any version of #Linux with a window manager or desktop environment, you can thank Dr. Clarence "Skip" Ellis.

Dr. Ellis worked at Xerox PARC, the research organization that developed the modern GUI. Icons, windows, the mouse, Ethernet-based networking, laser printing - all of these (and more) came out of PARC. Dr. Ellis led the team that created Officetalk, the first program to use icons and the Internet. He got his start at 15 years old showing a local tech company how to reuse punch cards, which was a game-changer back in 1958.

Oh, and he was also the first black man to earn a PhD in Computer Science.

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https://elective.collegeboard.org/clarence-skip-ellis-computer-science-pioneer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Ellis_(computer_scientist)
https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/clarence-ellis

By today’s standards he seems mild. Even Obama praised him. Along with Lincoln, Republicans trot Ronald Reagan out every time Democrats praise the communication wizardry of Obama, Clinton, or Kennedy, or the stalwart composition of FDR or integrity of Truman. In reality, Reagan was an impenetrable facade of congeniality who was quite hostile to civil rights.

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Although emancipation didn’t happen overnight for everyone—in some cases, enslavers withheld the information until after harvest season—celebrations broke out among newly freed Black people, and Juneteenth was born!

10/16

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Final emancipation from the Emancipation Proclamation happened on June 19, 1865 in Galveston Texas, two months after the surrender at Appomattox. Commemoration of this date would become the celebration JUNETEENTH. Enslaved people in states that fought for the Union — Missouri, Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky — did not become emancipated until December 6, 1865, with the passage of the 13th Amendment.

9/16

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In Texas, slavery continued as the state experienced no large-scale fighting or significant presence of Union troops. Many enslavers outside the Lone Star State moved there, as they viewed it as a safe haven for slavery. After the war ended in the spring of 1865, General Granger’s arrival in Galveston that June signaled freedom for Texas’ 250,000 enslaved people and later solidified by the 13th Amendment.

8/16

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Actual Emancipation took time. As the Union Army rolled into different regions of the South, they emancipated the enslaved people there. SInce this happened over time, each region had their own dates. The enslaved people in the mid-Atlantic recognized April 4 as their Emancipation Day, when abolition came to DC. MS celebrated on May 8; in FL, May 22; AL & GA, May 28; MO, August 4; and KY & TN, August 8.

7/16

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But in reality, the Emancipation Proclamation didn’t instantly free any enslaved people. The Proclamation only applied to places under Confederate control and not to slave-holding border states or rebel areas already under Union control. However, as Northern troops advanced into the Confederate South, many enslaved people fled behind Union lines.

6/16

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At last, a messenger pushed through the crowd, confirming long-awaited news. The day of Jubilee had arrived. 4 million souls freed! Black Americans spilled into the streets, joy overflowing. Shouts reverberated through the air.. even strangers embraced one another. Tears of elation & relief streamed down many faces, while others bent their knees in prayer. Many, including Douglass, would never forget that day.

5/16

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Frederick.Douglass, in Boston, recounted the Watch Night at Tremont Hall, where he and others eagerly awaited the signing of the document. As the night progressed, anticipation mounted for the long-awaited moment when the Proclamation would come into effect on Jan 1, 1863. Douglass wrote that each passing minute seemed to dampen their hopes, as the clock struck 8, 9, and then 10 o'clock, with no news reaching them.

4/16

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It was well known that Lincoln would finally sign the Proclamation on January, 1, so Black Americans gathered where they could to await news of the signing. On New Year’s Day 1863, Black Americans in Beaufort, SC, gathered to hear Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson read the Emancipation Proclamation. He remembered the moment…I never saw anything so electric; it made all other words cheap…”

3/16

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Following Antietam, Lincoln spent much of 1862 writing the Emancipation Proclamation, being lobbied by Black leaders to include military service by Black men, & to expand its scope. While the Proclamation did not promise freedom to all enslaved people, it did provide a plan to free the enslaved people in the occupied territories of the South and to begin enlisting black men to fight in the Civil War.

2/16

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Juneteenth became more than just a celebration of freedom. It became a way for families to reunite; a way for Black Americans to organize politically, economically and spiritually; a way to educate and inspire future generations to come; and a way to show their pride, strength, and resolve.

12/16

https://youtu.be/ATu_AljLvHI

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