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In 1889, Picotte became the first female Native American to earn a medical degree in the U.S. She raised funding & opened Wathill Hospital in 1913 - the first private hospital on a reservation. https://drsusancenter.org/dr-susan #HistoryRemix #history #science
In 1936, Shilling joined The Royal Aircraft Establishment. 5 yrs later, she led a team that designed a device to prevent Merlin plane engines from stalling during flight, which helped the Allies win WWII.
Shilling was also the 2nd woman to earn a Brooklands Gold Star for lapping the track at >100mph. https://www.wes.org.uk/sites/default/files/u82/Magnificent%20Women%20-%20Beatrice%20Shilling.pdf #HistoryRemix #science #history #women
Eventually, she began experimenting & writing about #science. Her interests spanned fields from astronomy to chemistry to physics. Mary published articles & books & is now celebrated as a mathematician, scientist & writer.
Along with Caroline Herschel (see earlier #HistoryRemix post), she became one of the first 2 honorary members of the Royal Astronomical Society. https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.3817
His pioneering research on glial cells changed science & he became the 1st #trans person admitted into the National Academies of Science.
Barres was also a strong advocate for women, early career scientists & the #LGBTQ+ community at a time when few people openly discussed gender identity.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/12/28/mourning-ben-barres-the-transgender-scientist-who-changed-neuroscience/?sh=380fa19554bf
Excerpt from his autobiography: https://stanmed.stanford.edu/ben-barres-autobiography-transgender-scientist/ #history #HistoryRemix
Transgender scientist Ben Barres’ book excerpt describes transition decision | Stanford Medicine
In an autobiography released after his death, transgender scientist Ben Barres describes the emotional process of becoming a manPatricia Hannon (Stanford Medicine Magazine)
Preferring the company of men, Kristina had no interest in traditionally feminine roles. She sometimes wore masculine clothing & focused on science, math & philosophy. She refused to marry (scandalous!) & became a patron of the arts.
Kristina decided to abdicate the throne in 1654. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-descartes-lexicon/christina-queen-of-sweden-16261689/2E0538B2CC98623127368DE0ACE5DE02# #history #HistoryRemix
Christina, Queen of Sweden (1626–1689) - The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon
The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon - January 2015Cambridge Core
Carson questioned the assumption that humans should dominate #nature. She recognized the dangers to natural systems from the misuse of pesticides like DDT. She also accused the chemical industry of spreading lies & politicians of accepting industry claims uncritically.
Her 1962 book, Silent Spring, is widely credited as being the catalyst for the modern environmental movement. #history #science #HistoryRemix
We remember her husband, Albert Einstein, as one of the most celebrated physicists of the 20th century, but I suspect most folks haven’t heard of her.
However, Albert & Mileva’s letters & other accounts suggest they worked together on his groundbreaking scientific contributions. They collaborated from the time they met in 1896 until their separation in 1914.
This is her story: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-forgotten-life-of-einsteins-first-wife/?fbclid=IwAR2O8bwlDiEBgJLYbjKo-Kdy_3jhi7tvyCl2edzpzpI_pIcPv7iVOc1zC-E #science #history #HistoryRemix
The Forgotten Life of Einstein's First Wife
She was a physicist, too—and there is evidence that she contributed significantly to his groundbreaking scienceScientific American Blog Network
Of these, 44 have worked on the International Space Station as long-duration expedition crewmembers, as visitors on space shuttle assembly flights, or as space flight participants on short-duration missions.
Learn more about these inspiring pioneers from around the world: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/womens-history-month-2023-celebrating-women-astronauts #science #history #HistoryRemix
Women's History Month 2023: Celebrating Women Astronauts
As of March 2023, 72 women have flown in space. Of these, 44 have worked on the International Space Station as long-duration expedition crewmembers, as visitors on space shuttle assembly flights, or as space flight participants on short-duration miss…Kelli Mars (NASA)
…If particular care & attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion & will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation.”
- Abigail Adams' to John Adams while he argued for American independence, 1776 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/adams-remember-ladies/ #history #HistoryRemix
Remember the Ladies
Of all the words that spilled from Abigail Adams' pen, none are more famous than those of March 31, 1776.American Experience
Scientists of Anning’s day could not believe that a poor young woman could posses her knowledge & talent. She has been described as 'the greatest fossilist the world ever knew' yet many are still unaware of her incredible contributions.
The majority of her discoveries ended up in museums & collections without credit. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/anning.html #history #science #HistoryRemix
Sally Ride spotted an ad about it in the Stanford school newspaper & applied. She was one of six women chosen.
In 1983, Ride became the first American woman to travel into #space. Her role as a mission specialist was to work a robotic arm to move satellites.
Ride went on to teach at UC San Diego & worked to promote women & girls in STEM. She also wrote children’s books about exploring space. https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/who-was-sally-ride-58.html #HistoryRemix
Who Was Sally Ride?
On June 18, 1983, Sally Ride became the first American woman to go to space. Find out more about this space pioneer.NASA
Dr. Blackwell was the first woman to receive an M.D. from a U.S. med school & championed women in medicine. Eventually, she opened a clinic, started a medical college for women & became a professor. https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_35.html #science #history #HistoryRemix
Lamarr was brilliant. Among many fascinating inventions, she developed a new communication system with composer George Antheil that used “frequency hopping” among radio waves.
Once called the “most beautiful woman in the world," Lamarr is now remembered as "the mother of Wi-Fi."
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/thank-world-war-ii-era-film-star-your-wi-fi-180971584/ #science #history #HistoryRemix
Thank This World War II-Era Film Star for Your Wi-Fi
As the National Portrait Gallery acquires a film poster of Hedy Lamarr, it’s worth reflecting on her double life as an actress and a pioneering inventorAlice George (Smithsonian Magazine)
In 1787, King George III employed Caroline as her brother's assistant, including a small salary that made her one of the first women paid for their contributions to #science.
Caroline submitted over 550 stars to the existing star catalog & received honorary membership in the Royal Society. https://www.space.com/17439-caroline-herschel.html #history #HistoryRemix
Caroline Herschel Biography
Caroline Herschel was the first woman to discover a comet. She made several contributions to the field of astronomyNola Taylor Tillman (Space)
Lise Meitner’s brilliance led to the discovery of nuclear fission. But her long time collaborator Otto Hahn, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry w/o her in 1944, even though she had given the first theoretical explanation.
Albert Einstein called Meitner “our Marie Curie." She also adamantly refused to work on the atomic bomb during WWII. https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201502/physicshistory.cfm #women #history #science #HistoryRemix
“HeLa” cells changed #science. They’re used globally to study viruses, drugs, hormones, genes, diseases & develop vaccines. Lacks passed away at 31 w no recognition.
Rebecca Skloot’s beautiful book about her life & legacy is changing that. Now her statue will replace Robert E. Lee in VA. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/20/us/henrietta-lacks-statue-roanoke-virginia.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare #history #HistoryRemix
Unknown to Franklin, the pair saw her unpublished data & X-ray diffraction images, inspiring their model. They never acknowledged her contribution until after her death.
How many discoveries & innovations of #women do we attribute to the men who took credit for their ideas?
https://theconversation.com/sexism-pushed-rosalind-franklin-toward-the-scientific-sidelines-during-her-short-life-but-her-work-still-shines-on-her-100th-birthday-139249 #history #science #HistoryRemix
Sexism pushed Rosalind Franklin toward the scientific sidelines during her short life, but her work still shines on her 100th birthday
Franklin was born a century ago, and her X-ray crystallography work crucially contributed to determining the structure of DNA.The Conversation
But female scientist Eunice Foote published a paper - 3yrs earlier - demonstrating how atmospheric water vapor & CO2 affected solar heating. She theorized that heat trapping gases in Earth’s atmosphere warm its #climate.
Tyndall was widely read. And Foote, being a woman, wasn't even permitted to present her own work.
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer #history #science #ClimateChange #HistoryRemix
Born in 1852, Mary Titcomb had a strong desire for an education & career.
Mary became a librarian & making #books accessible to everyone was a priority. She came up with a children’s room & set up “book stations” in shops & post offices in town.
But Mary noticed people from rural areas weren’t visiting the #library. So, she secured funding to build & begin the nation’s first bookmobile. 📚
https://www.amazon.com.au/Library-Wheels-Titcomb-Americas-Bookmobile-ebook/dp/B078W6SQZQ #history #HistoryRemix
Born in 1883, Elmer Samuel Imes was the 2nd Black American to receive a physics PhD in the U.S.
His pioneering experimental work measured of the rotational–vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules.
Imes faced many obstacles bc of his race & blazed trails in science for many who followed. He was also interested in how science & culture intersect & married Nella Larsen, a great writer of the Harlem Renaissance. He passed away in 1941. https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/PT.3.4042 #history #science #HistoryRemix
Pauli Murray was a lawyer, scholar, activist, poet & priest. A civil rights leader, their activism set the stage for the desegregation of US schools.
Murray co-founded the National Organization for Women. Ruth Bader Ginsburg credited them for the idea that the 14th amendment could win equality for women.
Murray changed #history & led battles for racial & gender equality. With too many accomplishments to list, we should celebrate their contributions. https://www.paulimurraycenter.com/who-is-pauli #HistoryRemix
Pioneering geologist & oceanographer Marie Tharp changed our understanding of the ocean.
When Tharp sought a geology job at Columbia in 1948, women couldn’t go on research ships. So, she was hired to assist male grad students.
Back then, many scientists still assumed the bottom of the ocean was featureless. Tharp figured out how to use data to create sketches of the ocean floor. Her hand-drawn maps helped develop plate tectonic theory. https://theconversation.com/marie-tharp-pioneered-mapping-the-bottom-of-the-ocean-6-decades-ago-scientists-are-still-learning-about-earths-last-frontier-142451 #science #history #HistoryRemix
Marie Tharp pioneered mapping the bottom of the ocean 6 decades ago – scientists are still learning about Earth's last frontier
Born on July 30, 1920, geologist and cartographer Tharp changed scientific thinking about what lay at the bottom of the ocean – not a featureless flat, but rugged and varied terrain.The Conversation
Carlos was assigned male at birth & transitioned to female. Unfortunately, many journalists focus more on her gender than her accomplishments that changed music forever. https://www.wendycarlos.com #history #HistoryRemix
Wendy Carlos HomePage
The Official Wendy Carlos HomePage. The definitive Web collection of information about the pioneer synthesist and composer (and solar eclipse photographer), including a "Write Wendy" Maildrop.www.wendycarlos.com
Her research tested the fundamental laws of nuclear & quantum physics. She was the first Chinese-American elected to the National Academy of Sciences & the first female president of the American Physical Society.
Wu was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1975 & the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978. She passed away in 1997.
https://theconversation.com/new-postage-stamp-honors-chien-shiung-wu-trailblazing-nuclear-physicist-154687 #HistoryRemix #science
New postage stamp honors Chien-Shiung Wu, trailblazing nuclear physicist
Chinese American physicist Wu worked on the Manhattan Project and performed groundbreaking experiments throughout her long career.The Conversation
But in 2009, astronaut Leland Melvin snuck his adorable rescue dogs, Jake & Scout, into Johnson #Space Center for his official picture.
In addition to going on 2 space missions, Melvin had been drafted into the NFL. He’s now an advocate for STEAM education & animal welfare. https://www.lelandmelvin.com
Sadly, Jake & Scout passed away, but when Melvin published his 2017 memoir Chasing Space, he chose this wonderful photo for the cover. #HistoryRemix
A couple of years ago, Tianyi Yu recognized 14 new-to-science species of bright-blue fruited rainforest shrubs.
One specimen was first collected in 1973, but it turns out, North painted it ~100 years earlier in 1876.
Here’s her painting beside “Chassalia northiana T.Y. Yu” - which became the 5th plant species named in Marianne North’s honor. https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/marianne-north-borneo-coffee #art #history #nature #science #HistoryRemix /2
Painted by Marianne North in 1876, named in 2021
Fourteen new species to science of bright-blue fruited rainforest shrub have been discovered, including one painted by Marianne Northwww.kew.org
North depicted over 1,000 scientifically accurate pitcher plants, orchids, ferns & more. Her oil paintings introduced botanists to multiple previously unidentified species & several are named after her.
Her art has its own gallery at Kew Royal Botanical Gardens. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/marianne-north-an-unsung-pioneer-of-botanical-art-kew-royal-botanic-gardens/OQVB7c9EslEtHQ?hl=en #HistoryRemix #history #art #science
Marianne North: an unsung pioneer of botanical art
More than 800 remarkable paintings cover the walls of the Marianne North Gallery. But who was she and why did her art matter?Google Arts & Culture
Maryam Mirzakhani was the first woman & Iranian to earn the Fields Medal in math for her brilliant work in hyperbolic geometry.
Her achievements influenced quantum field theory, engineering & material science & may have applications related to how the universe began.
Mirzakhani was an immigrant & became a Stanford professor. She passed away at just 40 in 2017. In her words:
“The beauty of mathematics only shows itself to more patient followers.”
https://theconversation.com/maryam-mirzakhani-was-a-role-model-for-more-than-just-her-mathematics-81143 #history #HistoryRemix
Maryam Mirzakhani was a role model for more than just her mathematics
Mirzakhani blazed to the top of her field due to her talent. But who she was and where she came from also make her a role model for those from underrepresented demographics in the world of math.The Conversation
Augusta “Ada” Lovelace was born in 1815. Her notes include an algorithm designed to be carried out by a machine & she envisioned that computers could go beyond calculations. Lovelace described “how individuals & society relate to technology as a collaborative tool.”
Lovelace passed away in 1852 at just 36. https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/ada-lovelace-the-first-tech-visionary #HistoryRemix #history #science
Ada Lovelace, the First Tech Visionary
Lovelace, known as the earliest computer programmer, has been recognized annually on October 15th to highlight the contributions of women to math and …Betsy Morais (The New Yorker)
Marion Walter was born in 1928 to a Jewish family in Berlin.
In 1939, she escaped Nazi Germany on a Kindertransport - a rescue operation that evacuated thousands of Jewish children to England before WWII.
Eventually Marion arrived in the US & earned her doctorate in math education from Harvard. She became a professor & founded the Boston Area Mathematics Specialists focused on improving math education for children.
Marion passed away in 2021, at age 92. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Walter/ #HistoryRemix
Marion Walter - Biography
Marion Ilse Walter was born in Berlin and escaped the Nazis on the Kindertransport to England. She emigrated to the United States in 1948 and after earning her doctorate, founded the Mathematics Department at Simmons College.Maths History
With far too many accomplishments to list, her work was fundamental to marking a turning point in the space race with the Soviet Union. https://www.nasa.gov/content/katherine-johnson-biography
In 2015, President Obama awarded Johnson the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She passed away in 2020 at 101. #history #space #HistoryRemix
Katherine Johnson Biography
NASA.gov brings you the latest images, videos and news from America's space agency. Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind.NASA
Instead of being hailed as a genius & hero, Turing was convicted as a homosexual & forced to endure chemical castration. He died by suicide at 41 in 1954.
The British government didn’t apologize until 2009 & Queen Elizabeth II finally pardoned him in 2013. #history #science #HistoryRemix
Originally ‘The Landlord’s Game,’ it was designed as a protest against the big monopolists like Carnegie & Rockefeller.
But it was Charles Darrow, an unemployed salesman, who eventually sold it to Parker Brothers after playing a version.
Parker Brothers credited Monopoly with saving their company. Magie died in 1948 without recognition. Darrow became very wealthy & his legend lives on. #history #women #HistoryRemix
Satyendranath Bose was a brilliant theoretical physicist born this week in 1894 in West Bengal (now India).
In 1924, while on faculty at the University of Dacca, he wrote a short paper to Albert Einstein about indistinguishable particles related to quantum theory.
Einstein immediately recognized Bose’ genius, translated the work into German & made sure it was published. Bose ideas led to Bose-Einstein statistics which continue to be studied in quantum mechanics. #science #history #HistoryRemix
I bet you’ve heard of Galileo & Hubble, but what about Henrietta Swan Leavitt?
Leavitt changed astronomy. She figured out new ways to measure a star’s distance from Earth & her work helped determine the universe is expanding.
Her boss, Edward Pickering, published her findings UNDER HIS NAME. Later, Shapley used her findings to determine distances around the Milky Way w/o credit.
Leavitt’s work is still used today. Next time you hear about famous men in #science share her story. #HistoryRemix
